Copper photocathodes for the modified 10 Hz gun on the CLARA accelerator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the last run, the CLARA accelerator* ran with a 2.5 cell 10 Hz S-band RF gun which had a modified back plate to allow the use of INFN-style photocathode pucks. Previously this gun had used a solid wall back plate that also acted as the photocathode**. This presentation describes the different photocathodes that were used during the run and the various methods employed to prepare them for use. An initial cathode which was based on a solid Mo puck with the thin film of Cu grown using magnetron sputtering was seen to give high initial QE but a very fast degradation rate. Subsequent cathodes were hybrids with a Mo body and a solid copper tip for the active area. Several cathodes prepared using alternative techniques were employed, giving varied initial QE and lifetime. The final cathode used had satisfactory QE and a long enough lifetime to deliver a six month period of beam exploitation for external facility users. * D. Angal-Kalinin, et al, ‘Design, specifications, and first beam measurements of the compact linear accelerator for research and applications front end’ Physical Review Accelerators and Beams 23 (2020) 044801 ** T.C.Q. Noakes, et al, ‘Photocathode preparation and characteristics of the electron source for the VELA/CLARA facility’ Proceedings of the International Particle Accelerator Conference 2018 (IPAC-18), THPMK063, 2018, Vancouver, Canada
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".