The effect of glutathione supplementation on intestinal morphology and liver antioxidant status in parenterally fed piglets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) causes deleterious changes to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), in part related to the decrease in blood supply that occurs without enteral stimuli. Nitric oxide (NO) regulates blood flow, but in situations of oxidative stress, as with the delivery of oxidized nutrients in TPN, it can react with superoxide and thus limit its function as a vasodilator. We hypothesized that supplementing the antioxidant glutathione to PN would protect NO’s function as a vasodilator, leading to greater blood flow to the GIT. Piglets (8-12 days old) underwent surgery and were randomized to one of three treatment groups for 7 days: control TPN (PN, n=10), control TPN diet with 10 μM glutathione disulfide (GSSG, n=9), or the control TPN diet delivered enterally (EN, n=10). Blood flow (p<0.0001), mucosa weight (p<0.01) and crypt cell proliferation (p<0.01) were higher in the EN compared to both parenterally fed groups. Interestingly, villus height was greater in EN versus PN (p<0.01) but not different from GSSG; liver weight in the GSSG was similar to EN, while PN had a higher liver weight, typical of TPN feeding. The parenteral groups (PN and GSSG) had greater liver antioxidant capacity and less liver lipid peroxidation than EN. These data suggest that glutathione supplementation to TPN delays the changes in intestinal morphology and the route of feeding has a greater effect on antioxidant status than glutathione supplementation in TPN.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".