Bibliographic record
Abstract
21. Acalypha indica L. Species Plantarum 2: 1003 (Linnaeus 1753). — Type: India. s.l., s.d., Herb. Hermann 3: 2, 434. (lecto-, designated by Radcliffe-Smith [1986: 65]: BM [BM000621782]; isolecto-, BM [BM000621236]). ICONOGRAPHY. — Rheede tot Drakestein (1692: t. 81); Anonymous (1694 -1718: t. 215); Kirtikar & Basu (1918: t. 874); Fig. 46A. ETYMOLOGY. — The epithet refers to India, the locality of the type collection. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. — Acalypha indica is widely distributed in the Paleotropics and introduced in the Americas (Cardiel et al. 2023 in press); it probably is introduced in Madagascar (Diana, Analamanga, and Ihorombe), the Comoros Archipelago (Anjouan, Moheli and Mayotte), the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius and La Réunion), the Seychelles (Inner and Outer islands), and the Scattered Islands (Glorioso Islands). It is a weedy species associated with cultivated areas, paths, and beaches. Altitudinal range sea level to 450 m (Fig. 37). PRELIMINARY CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT. — Acalypha indica is widely distributed in the Paleotropics; it has a large EOO and AOO, exceeding the threshold of any threat category. Therefore, we assess A. indica as Least Concern (LC). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 94 collections. Comoros Archipelago: Barthelat, F. 113 (K, G, MAO, MO[MO-2966222], P[P00229090]), 170 (G, K, MAO, MO[MO-2966225], P[P00229156]); Boivin, L.H. s.n. (P[P00196285]), s.n. (P[P00196286]), s.n. (P[P00196287]); D’Arcy, W.G. 17553 (MO [MO-2966220]); Floret, J.J. 1196 (P[P00184951]), 1197 (P[P00184952]); Hildebrandt, J.M. 1660 (P[P00196289]); Hoffmann, P. 413 (K, MAO, MO[MO-2966227], P[P00538301], TAN); Labat, J.-N. 3314 (P[P00209769]); Lartigau, C. 19 (P[P00246081]); Pignal, M. 1075 (P[P00157183]); Pobéguin, C.H.O. 14 (P[P00196234, P00196235]); Rakotozafy, A. 1194 (P[P05547071]); Rouhan, G. 33 (P[P00205950]); Waterlot, M. 884 (P[P00196290]). Madagascar. Bosser, M.J. 13231 (P[P04779813]); d’Alleizette, Ch. 1240 M (P[P00508397]); Debray, M.M. 1584-D (P[P04779834, P04779835]); Hildebrandt, J.M. 2915 (BREM [BREM_0001791], G, L[L0241703], P[P00508393, P00508394, P00508395, P00508396]); Humblot, L. 18 (P[P00508392]); Perrier de la Bâthie, H. 9592 (P[P00508391]); Pervillé, A. 729 (P[P00508390]); Rotereau, L. s.n. (P[P05510099]); Viguier, R. 104 (P[P00508389, P05481896]). Mauritius. Anonymous s.n. (G[G00324726]); Ayres, P. 62 (K); Bonnay, M. s.n. (P[P04779496]); Bouton, L. 22 (P[P04779493]); s.n. (G[G00324716]), s.n. (G[G00324720]); Commerson, P. 649 (L[L0241705]), 651 (P[P04779489]); Coode, M.J.E. 4423 (K); Cowper, S.G. 59 (K); Guého, J. 17350 (K); Hering? s.n. (P[P04779502]); Jussieu, A. s.n. (P[P04779495]); Lorence, D. 1339 (MO [MO-2966226]). La Réunion. Anonymous s.n. (P[P04779504]); Boivin, L.H. 1389 (P[P04779494]); Bosser, M.J. 9389 (P[P04779491, P04779492]); Commerson, P.s.n. (P[P04779488]); Desvaux, A.N. 10 (P[P04779503]); du Petit-Thouars, L.M.A. s.n. (P[P04779499]), s.n. (P[P04779500]); Friedmann, F. 1585 (P[P04779501]); Richard, M. 667 (GH, P[P04779498]), s.n. (P[P04779490]), s.n. (P[P04779497]). Scattered Islands. Frazier, J. 105 (US [US 01287375]). Seychelles. Alluaud, R. s.n. (GH, P[P04779487]); Anonymous s.n. (P[P04779486]); Blackmore, S.B. 77407 (K); Brunet 035 (K); Cherbonnier s.n. (P[P04779829]); Fosberg, F.R. 48688 (GH [GH01097240], MO[MO-2966229], NY[NY3091187], US[US01287383]), 49844 (MO [MO-2966224]), 52070 (MO [MO-2966230], US[US01287382]); Frazier, J. 30 (K), 513 (US [US01287374]), 802 (US [US01287373]); Friedmann, F. 3545 (P[P00887492]), 4673 (P[P00887491]); Gardiner, J.S. 9 (K), 27 (K), 143 (K); Gwynne 874 (K); Hebert, H. I. 103 (GH [GH01097241]); Horne, J. 312 (K); Jeffrey, C. 709 (L[L0241693], NY, P[P00887490]); Lombat, M. 408 (K); Procter, J. 4045 (K), 4224 (K), 4322 (K), 4347 (K); Renvoize, S. A. 721 (BR [BR0000014627996], L[L0241691], P[P05481874]), 1151 (BR [BR0000014628009], P[P05481873]), 1155 (BR [BR0000014624612], L[L0241251, L0241252]); Robertson, S.A. 2443 (MO [MO-2966228], PRE, US[US01287372], WAG[WAG.1931643]), 2494 (K), 2716 (K), 3044 (K); 3146 (K); Rotereau, L. s.n. (P[P05510098]); Stodd, D.R. 1382 (K), 1459 (K); Stoddart, D.R. 7082 (MO [MO-2966221], NY[NY3091188]); Wood, D. 1452 (K), 1469 (K); Wright, P.A. 16 (K), 25 (K). REFERENCES. — Bojer (1837: 285); Baillon (1861: 274); Müller Argoviensis (1865: 42; 1866: 868); Baker (1877: 314); Müller Argoviensis (1882: 27); Baillon (1895b: 1197); Cordemoy (1895: 342); Palacký (1907: 25); Voeltzkow (1917: 447); Hemsley (1919: 148); Pax & Hoffmann (1924: 33); Leandri (1935: 43); Leandri (1942: 256); Renvoize (1975: 152); Coode (1982: 69, 78); Robertson (1989: 200); Govaerts et al. (2000: 68); Sagun et al. (2006: 124); Montero Muñoz et al. (2018a: 99). DESCRIPTION Annual herbs, to 0.6(-0.8) m tall, monoecious. Branches tomentose to laxly pubescent with simple, curved trichomes, sometimes also with sparse short, subsessile,glandular trichomes, glabrescent when mature. Axillary buds naked, pubescent with simple, short, appressed trichomes. Stipules to 1 mm long, triangular-lanceolate, margin hispidulous-ciliate and with some sessile glands. Petioles slender, (1.5-) 2.5-6.5 cm long, indumentum similar to that on young branches. Leaf blades (1.5-)2-4(-6) × (1-)1.5-3(-3.5) cm, usually broadly ovate-lanceolate, sometimes spathulate or subrhombic, membranous; base cuneate; apex acute to subacuminate; margin entire toward base, serrate above, teeth subacute, callose-edged; upper surface subglabrous, with simple, short, appressed trichomes on veins; lower surface laxly pubescent to subglabrous; venation actinodromous, basal veins 3 or 5, secondary veins 4-5 per side. Stipels absent. Inflorescences spiciform, androgynous, axillary, to 9 cm long, mostly female with short male segment; peduncle to 10 mm long, pubescent with simple trichomes, sometimes also with some subsessile glandular trichomes. Female segment laxly flowered, to 8 cm long; bracts 7-9, sessile, enlarging in fruit to 8 × 12 mm, reniform, sparsely hairy with simple, curved trichomes; margin crenate-denticulate, teeth 8-9, broadly triangular, central tooth not prominent; bracteoles absent. Male segment persistent, to 1.5 cm long; flowers glomerate; bracts to 0.8 mm long, elliptic-lanceolate, sparsely hairy. Male flowers: pedicel to 0.5 mm long, sparsely hairy;buds 0.5 mm diameter, sparsely hairy. Female flowers 1 per bract, sessile; sepals 3, to 0.5 mm long, triangular-lanceolate, ciliate; ovary c. 0.5 mm diameter, 3-lobed, smooth, surface pubescent; styles 3, to 4 mm long, distinct, glabrous, each divided into 1-2 segments. Allomorphic flowers sometimes present at inflorescence apex; pedicel filiform, to 5 mm long, sparsely hairy; sepals 3, to 0.5 mm long, lanceolate, ciliate; ovary 1-lobed, to 2 × 3 mm, pubescent, distally fimbriate; style 1, to 1.5 mm long, glabrous. Capsules to 2 mm diameter, smooth, surface pubescent. Seeds c. 1.5 × 1 mm, pyriform, minutely foveolate.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.078 | 0.034 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".