Bibliographic record
Abstract
Onthophagus hecate species group*. This group is diagnosed by the apical and internal male protibial margin projected (Figs. 1.39 –44); male protibial spur bent downwards (Figs. 1.39, 1.41 –44); male protibial apex with some short setae (Figs. 1.39 –44); male pronotum with a bifurcate projection bent downwards or level (Figs. 5.12 –13). A distinct O. hecate species group is recovered by the barcode and gene tree analyses (Figs. 1–2, 8–9) with a bootstrap value of 70 and is formed by O. hecate (Panzer), O. medorensis Brown, and O. orpheus (Panzer). This group is distributed in the eastern half of the United States of America and southeastern Canada. Several other species may pertain to this group. This species group and rodent nests have a strong but not exclusive relationship. The mtDNA barcode tree topology (Figs. 1–2, 6) suggests that O. hecate blatchleyi Brown should be elevated to species status. Brown (1925, 1927, 1929) initially suggested a relationship between O. cynomysi Brown, O. hecate, O. medorensis, and O. orpheus. Emlen et al. (2005) have shown prolific evolutionary lability in the horn gain and loss processes shown by Onthophagus worldwide. Emlen et al. (2005: fig. 4) estimated a Bayesian posterior probability of 100 for the O. orpheus – O. hecate tree clade. Emlen et al. (2005: fig. 5) proposed for the case of O. orpheus and O. hecate the loss of head horns, still showing rudimentary bumps at the base of the head, suggesting that full head horns may have been present in ancestral populations. At the same time, Emlen et al. (2005: fig. 7) proposed an independent gain event of pronotal horns for O. orpheus and O. hecate. These independent gain/loss processes seem to have confused previous taxonomists into considering the O. hecate species group as part of the O. mexicanus species group.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".