Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Aitken et al. (1958) recorded a few specimens of the southern cattle tick R. (B.) microplus from cattle and sheep in Trinidad. Williams and Gonzalez (1968) observed that Holstein heifers imported into Trinidad from Canada with the intent to develop a dairy industry were exposed to tick-infested pastures and that these exotic cattle suffered from a febrile disease associated with marked anaemia, occasional haemoglobinuria and sometimes death within two to six weeks after importation and introduction to tick-infested pastures. They also confirmed the detection of Babesia spp. and Anaplasma marginale from the blood of the infected cattle. This established the presence of R. (B.) microplus ticks in Trinidad, as these ticks are vectors of both the pathogens. The presence of R. (B.) microplus on cattle in Trinidad was confirmed by Aitken et al. (1969), Clarkson (1969) and Rawlins (1977). Smith (1973) studied the distribution of R. (B.) microplus in Trinidad and Tobago. Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus was found throughout both islands, except on land newly cleared from forest. Furthermore, Smith (1974) recorded this tick exploiting ruminants and equines. The prevalence and biology of R. (B.) microplus was investigated by Dindial (1977) and he also found the presence of R. (B.) microplus ticks all over the country. Spraying dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Gamma Benzene Hexachloride (GBH), chlordane and dieldrin was reported to have helped to control this tick population in Trinidad. Polar and co-investigators (2005) reported the use of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae to control R. (B.) microplus at Aripo livestock station in Trinidad. Polar (2007) found that Metarhizium anisopliae was effective against all development stages of R. (B.) microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus, except larvae of the latter. R. (B.) microplus is known to transmit numerous parasites: Babesia bovis and B. bigemina (Bovine babesiosis), Anaplasma marginale (bovine anaplasmosis) and Theileria equi (equine piroplasmosis) (Jongejan and Uilenberg 2004). A virus, Wad Medani has also been reported to be transmitted by R. (B.) microplus in Singapore and Malayasia (Labuda and Nuttall 2004). Distribution: Cosmopolitan
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".