An Investigation into PFAS in Artificial Turf around Stockholm
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in artificial turfs around Stockholm. A list of 103 football fields located in Stockholm containing artificial turf was provided by the City of Stockholm and a stratified design was used to randomly select a limited number of locations for sampling. Following collection, samples were analysed for total fluorine (TF), extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and target PFAS. Detectable levels of total fluorine were observed in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 13-310 µg/g in backing, 8-305 µg/g in filling materials, and 20-652 µg/g in blade samples. EOF analyses revealed fluorine in 6 samples of backing (≤145 ng F/g), 6 filling materials (≤179 ng F/g), and 9 blade samples (≤192 ng F/g), while target PFAS were only detected in 3 filling and 12 backing samples at very low concentrations (≤0.782 ng F/g). Overall these findings suggest that PFAS occurring in artificial turf components are polymeric and therefore unlikely to be readily bioavailable. Nevertheless, their identities and fate require further investigation, in particular with regards to disposal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".