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Record W6898868412 · doi:10.57912/23768511

NORAD Intercepts Russian Jets on eve of Ukraine war anniversary

2023· article· en· W6898868412 on OpenAlexaboutno aff

Bibliographic record

VenueAmerican University Research Archive · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicEuropean and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsNorth Atlantic TreatyGeopoliticsTreatyNational securityWorld War IINuclear weaponBelligerent

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

On February 14, 2023, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) intercepted four Russian aircraft as they flew over international airspace near Alaska. Although the aircraft remained in international airspace and “did not pose a threat [for national security]”, NORAD actions reiterate their surveillance operations on the eve of the one-year anniversary of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. [1] NORAD delineated their efforts to intercept the aircraft flying through its Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), a designated airspace where aircraft are required to identify themselves in the interest of national security. Two NORAD F-16 fighter jets were deployed to escort the Russian aircraft out of the ADIZ, which was carried out in a “routine and professional” manner. These efforts are contingent on common procedures applied on foreign aircraft movements over international waters. [2] These incursions into the ADIZ have prompted NORAD to increase military operations across the Bering Sea – the region between Russia and Alaska – as Russia’s military infrastructure expands westward. As the year anniversary of the Russia-Ukraine War approaches, neighboring countries – United States of America, Canada, and the Netherlands – are on heightened alert over Moscow’s aerial dominance. [3] U.S military officials say that “the Russian flights were in no way related to recent incidents where unidentified objects [have been] shot down over U.S. and Canadian airspace.” [4] The presence of aerial incursions depicts a new phase of the Russian-Ukraine War, involving countries associated with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The increased use of aerial shows of defense implicates the United Nations’ stance on what complies with international law and a nation’s right to protect its airspace. Although the ADIZ is not explicitly stipulated in a legal framework, the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea (UNCLOS) recognizes the applicability of Article 51 of The United Nations Charter, where states can exercise “their inherent right of individual or collective self -defense, until the Security Council ensures international peace and security.” [5] Such demonstrations of defense will proceed to define themselves as the Russian-Ukraine war continues to unfold.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.833
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.002
Science and technology studies0.0010.006
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.060
GPT teacher head0.371
Teacher spread0.311 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2023
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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