Onsite Identification of Air Pollutants in Plastic Sports-Field Using Portable Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry via Drone-Based Solid-Phase Microextraction Sampling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plastic sports-fields are commonly used in communities, schools and other public places nowadays, which can offer positive benefits to fitness and sports. Plastic sports-fields are usually made of petroleum-based materials. Under high-temperature weather, various potentially harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be released to the ambient air, which pose a potential health risk to people who are on the plastic sports-field or living near the plastic sports-field. In our previous work, an analytical tool for onsite investigation of air pollutants was developed by drone-based solid-phase microextraction (drone-SPME) coupled with portable gas chromatographymass spectrometry (PGC-MS). In this work, the drome-SPME-PGC-MS method was further used to analyze the air pollutants in the plastic sports-field. The volatile air pollutants such as benzothiazole and benzene were identified by NIST standard spectra and standard substances. The results showed that benzothiazole was released from the ground material of plastic sports-fields, while benzene was mainly released from the paint that was painted at the fence of plastic sports-fields. Analytical performances, such as sensitivity, reproducibility, and quantitation were investigated using drone-SPME-PGC-MS. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of benzene (1.0 μg/L) and benzothiazole (1.0 μg/L) were 13.2% and 11.4% (n=6), respectively, indicating the high reliability of drone-SPME for air sampling. The limits of detection (LODs) of benzene and benzothiazole were 0.036 μg/L and 0.088 μg/L (S/N=3), respectively, showing good sensitivity for air analysis. The different concentrations of benzene and benzothiazole in a glass container were detected using this method, showing good linear responses (benzene: 0.044-2.20 μg/L, R2=0.992 9; benzothiazoles: 0.10-2.10 μg/L, R2=0.993 7). Moreover, benzene and benzothiazole in the air at different plastic sportsfields were quantitative detected by established drone-SPME-PGC-MS. Furthermore, the releases and distributions of benzothiazole and benzene at different temperatures (33, 12 ℃) and different heights (0.5-40 m) were investigated, showing that these air pollutants were mainly distributed at the ground layer (≤ 5 m) and were mainly released at high-temperature conditions (33 ℃). Overall, the drone-SPME-PGC-MS is a promising analytical method for the onsite investigation of air pollutants at the plastic sports-fields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".