Larval Deformities Associated with\nSelenium Accumulation in Northern\nPike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) Exposed to\nMetal Mining Effluent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate selenium\ntoxicosis in larval northern pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) originating\nfrom reproductively mature pike collected downstream of\na uranium milling operation in northern Saskatchewan,\nCanada. Eggs were obtained from female pike collected\nfrom a reference site and three sites representing an exposure\ngradient (approximately 2, 10, and 15 km downstream of\neffluent discharge). Embryos were incubated following a two-way (crossover) analysis of variance experimental\ndesign that allowed discrimination between effects due to\nmaternal transfer to eggs and effects due to site water\nexposure in the developing embryos. The major finding of\nthis study was a significant increase in the frequencies\nof individual deformities (skeletal curvatures, craniofacial\ndeformities, and fin deformities) and edema in fry originating\nfrom high and medium exposure site females (mean\nselenium concentrations of 48.23 and 31.28 μg/g egg dry\nweight and 38.27 and 16.58 μg/g muscle dry weight,\nrespectively) compared to reference site females. Selenium\nconcentrations resulting in a 20% increase in total\ndeformities above background levels (EC<sub>20</sub>s) were 33.55\nand 21.54 μ/g dry weight in eggs and muscle, respectively.\nMathematical conversion of the egg- and muscle-derived relationships to whole body selenium levels\nresulted in similar EC<sub>20</sub>s of 15.56 and 17.72 μg/g dry weight,\nrespectively. These relationships between tissue selenium\nlevels and larval deformities suggest that northern pike\nare within the same range of sensitivity to selenium as the\nmajority of warm water (e.g., centrarchids and cyprinids)\nand cold water (e.g., salmonids) fish species studied to date.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".