Access denied: The challenges and barriers young adult refugees experience in attaining postsecondary education in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the barriers faced by young adult refugees (YARs) in accessing higher education in Canada. Despite Canada's reputation as a refuge and its support for immigrants, YARs experience significant challenges due to interrupted schooling, financial constraints, language barriers, and difficulties in having their foreign academic credentials recognized. These refugees, a small segment of Canada's immigrant intake, face the lowest rates of postsecondary education access and higher dropout rates compared to other immigrants and Canadian-born students. Grounded in Critical Race Theory and Fanon's phenomenology, the study addresses two main questions: 1) What pathways to postsecondary education are available to YARs aged 18 to 35 in Canada? 2) How do YARs perceive and make sense of their experiences in the face of these barriers? To answer the research questions, this study draws on semi-structured qualitative data collected from interviews with fifteen YARs from Ontario and Alberta. Data was analyzed using the hermeneutic circle and Fanon's phenomenology to allow for a better understanding of how the phenomenon was experienced by individual participants. The findings reveal three main themes: constraints within the Private Sponsorship of Refugees (PSR) program and neoliberal policies, systemic and individual racism, and gender-based limitations. The study argues that these barriers are deliberately embedded in Canada's immigration and educational systems, which prioritize economic immigrants and neglect the specific needs of refugees, thus impeding their access to higher education and career opportunities. This study calls for more inclusive immigration policies and enhanced support for adult refugee education by fostering better collaboration between educational institutions and the settlement sector, addressing systemic discrimination, and prioritizing the needs of refugees in policy and program planning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".