Bibliographic record
Abstract
Radon exposure in indoor air is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers. Many efforts have focused on mapping radon exposure potential based on geology. However, few have integrated the potential of exposure from groundwater use and water wells. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate groundwater’s role by assessing differences in indoor air radon between homes on different water supplies, understand the distribution of radon concentrations in Alberta groundwater and evaluate geological and geochemical controls on radon’s distribution. When radon concentrations in indoor air from the EvictRadon.ca database were separated into homes assumed to rely on domestic wells for water supply versus surface water, the former had significantly higher indoor radon concentrations (mean=137.0 Bq/m3, n=783) than those relying on surface water (mean=104.1 Bq/m3, n=16,362). Radon concentrations and geochemical parameters were measured in groundwater from 40 monitoring wells in various geologic formations (0.20 to 75.1 Bq/L, mean=8.1 Bq/L). Radon concentrations were substantially less than the Canadian recommended action level for radon in household water supplies, suggesting water well pumping is not a significant pathway for radon in indoor air. Overall, elevated radon was not correlated with a specific groundwater type or to the geochemical evolution of groundwater. Moderate negative Pearson’s correlations (0.4 to 0.65) were observed with radon and methane, 13C-CO2, and total dissolved gas pressure (PTDG), and moderate positive correlations with sulphate and uranium. Overall, no significant radon concentrations differences were found between aquifer formations except for when comparing between two bedrock classifications and surficial deposits, where the non-Paskapoo bedrock formations had significantly lower radon. The lack of strong (R > 0.65) correlation between radon and geochemical parameters and the absence of a relationship with groundwater type or evolution suggests that radon in groundwater is not derived from rock-water interaction in the screened formation. However, the moderate correlations between radon and methane, sulphate, and PTDG supports the hypothesis that i) free phase methane gas migration out of gas charged, methane-rich aquifers is stripping radon from groundwater, and ii) the low redox of methane-rich groundwater is consistent with low dissolved sulphate and uranium concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".