The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 146. Lapsana communis L.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Francis, A., Darbyshire, S. J., Clements, D. R. and DiTommaso, A. 2011. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 146. Lapsana communis L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 553-569. Nipplewort, Lapsana communis, is an annual weed of the Asteraceae native to Europe and western Asia, first detected in northeastern and Pacific northwestern regions of North America in the 19th century. It appears to have been introduced as a contaminant of imported garden material and seeds, but may also have been deliberately introduced as a medicinal herb. After a century of remaining close to its original points of introduction in gardens and ruderal habitats, it spread to neighbouring areas, and now occurs across southern Canada and in many areas of the United States. Possible reasons for this range expansion include forest clearance and changing crop management practices as was observed in Europe, where this plant has become an important weed in grain, forage and vegetable crops. In Ontario, L. communis has recently emerged as a weed in wheat (Triticum aestivum), corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) fields. Various herbicides have been effective on L. communis in corn, but control has been less effective in winter wheat, where the herbicides MCPA and 2,4-D used alone have provided little or no control. Control in soybean has yet to be assessed. In Europe both mechanical methods and herbicides have been effective in controlling the weed, but L. communis has recently developed tolerance to MCPA. It is unclear whether this weed will continue to spread or will remain a localized or relatively minor crop pest in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".