Rural Ethiopian women still grappling with gender roles, norms, and relations to seek maternal and child health care
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Since 2003, the Ethiopian health ministry has been implementing the Health Extension Programme, which emphasizes health education to communities nationwide. Gender mainstreaming was rolled out in 2013 providing gender sensitive health services, with the priority of improving maternal and child health to reduce mortality. The University of Ottawa, Canada and Jimma University in Ethiopia are undertaking research through the u201cInnovating Maternal and Child Health in Africau201d program, funded by International Development Research Centre. Two interventions are being evaluated to assess impacts on skilled birth attendance: community-level Information, Education and Communication and health facility-level maternal waiting homes where woman can stay before and after delivery. This gender analysis identifies inequalities that arises from gender norms, roles and relations among men and women, and informs actions to further gender mainstreaming efforts in maternal and child health.Methods: Baseline quantitative data was collected (March u2013 July 2017)in three districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey collected data from 3784 women who gave birth within 12 months preceding data collection and 3256 male partners. Preliminary results are presented with percentages. Results: Women respondents were generally younger than men (median age 27 vs 35 years) and less literate (M34%, F6%). The majority of men were in earning occupations (85%) whereas women were generally housewives (78%). More men owned a mobile phone (M53%, F6%),read newspapers (M16%, F7%), listened to the radio (M72%, F54%), or watched TV (M16%, F11%). Both men and women had knowledge that a woman may experience serious problems during delivery (M83%, F79%), may die (M86%, F84%), and lose her baby (M82%, F80%). While50%of respondents reported taking joint decisions for spending money on partneru2019s health, the remaining depended on the male partner for decision-making, and 30% of women depended on their husbandu2019s decision for place of delivery.Conclusions: Gender norms, roles and relations were evident in Jimma Zone as reflected in unequal access to earning, education, information sources and resources and health-related decisions. Efforts should be made to address these inequities through existing community based religious, social and cultural institutions to equally reach to both men and women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".