Experimental investigation of ice rubble behaviour and strength in punch tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The report summarises the results from three series of plunge tests on ice rubble conducted at the University of Calgary, and interpretation of these results. The tests were conducted as two-dimensional plane strain experiments in a transparent tank that permitted video recording of the rubble behaviour during the tests. The majority of the tests were conducted using standard fresh-water ice cubes manufactured using commercial ice making machines, while the most recent tests were conducted using larger ice pieces. The observations of the behaviour of the rubble during the tests suggested that there was a significant difference in behaviour observed at low and high loading speeds. At low speeds, well-defined failure planes were observed, and, for unconsolidated rubble, the behaviour could be described as purely frictional. As the ice was permitted to consolidate, the addition of local regelation altered the value of the angle of friction, but the observed behaviour was little changed. Over the range of low speed tests ( to 40 mm/sec) there was no appreciable effect of speed on friction angle. However, there is some effect of rubble thickness. At high speeds of loading, no clearly defined failure planes were observed. The failure could be described as gradual, with the disturbance of the ice rubble taking place within the mass of the rubble. The analogy used for the interpretation of the strength of the rubble (plate pull-out in granular materials) was not applicable to these tests. The analysis of these results, and the extension of the test programme for the larger ice pieces, is on-going.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".