The ganglioside, GD2, as a circulating tumor biomarker for neuroblastoma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: GD2 is a ganglioside that is ubiquitously expressed in the plasma membrane of neuroblastoma and is shed into the circulation. Procedure: GD2 was measured with a high-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay in serum or plasma from 40 children without cancer (controls) and in biobanked samples from 128 (73 high-risk) children with neuroblastic tumors at diagnosis, 56 children with relapsed neuroblastoma, 14 children with high-risk neuroblastoma after treatment, and 8 to 12 children each with 10 other common childhood cancers at diagnosis. Results: The C18 (18 carbon fatty acid) lipoform was the predominant circulating form of GD2 in controls and in patients with neuroblastoma. The median concentration of GD2 in children with high-risk neuroblastoma at diagnosis was 167 nM (range, 16.1-1060 nM), which was 30-fold higher than the median concentration (5.6 nM) in controls. GD2 was not elevated in serum from children with the differentiated neuroblastic tumors, ganglioneuroma (n = 10) and ganglioneuroblastoma-intermixed subtype (n = 12), and in children with 10 other childhood cancers. GD2 concentrations were significantly higher in serum from children with MYCN-amplified tumors (P = 0.0088), high-risk tumors (P < 0.00001), International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 4 tumors (P < 0.00001), and in children who died (P = 0.034). Conclusions: Circulating GD2 appears to be a specific and sensitive tumor biomarker for highrisk/ high-stage neuroblastoma and may prove to be clinically useful as a diagnostic or prognostic circulating tumor biomarker. GD2 will be measured prospectively and longitudinally in children enrolled on a high-risk neuroblastoma treatment trial to assess its ability to measure response to treatment and predict survival.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".