Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with HIV: target trial and modelling study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness and benefit-harm balance of various statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with HIV. DESIGN Target trial and modelling study. SETTING North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD), 1995 to 2019. NA-ACCORD integrates individual level data from >20 HIV cohorts across the US and Canada from people with HIV who have successfully linked into care. PARTICIPANTS 157 699 people with HIV enrolled in one of the cohorts of NA-ACCORD. 54 165 eligible individuals, aged 40-75 years, were enrolled in the target trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes for the target trial were the 10 year effects of statins on cardiovascular disease events (fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction, hospital admission for unstable angina, coronary or arterial revascularisation, fatal and non-fatal stroke, or transient ischaemic attack) and harm outcomes (type 2 diabetes, mild cognitive impairment, rhabdomyolysis, and myopathy). The secondary outcome was the 10 year risk threshold where the reduction in cardiovascular disease outweighed the increased risk of harm outcomes, showing an overall net benefit of statins. RESULTS Participants who first started receiving treatment with statins (statin initiators) had a 21% reduction in cardiovascular disease events (hazard ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 to 0.87) and a 26% reduction in the combined risk of stroke and myocardial infarction (0.74, 0.56 to 0.98), but a 12% increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes (1.12, 1.01 to 1.25) compared with participants who developed the indication but did not take statins (non-initiators). The effects on cognitive impairment (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.56), myopathy (1.10, 0.76 to 1.61), and rhabdomyolysis (1.09, 0.68 to 1.75) were not statistically significant. On average, the benefit of statins exceeded harms for individuals with a 10 year baseline risk of cardiovascular disease of ≥13.8%. Subgroup specific thresholds included men (14.2%), women (11.1%), ages 40-64 years (13.8%) versus 65-75 years (15.1%), and CD4 count >200 cells/mm³ (13.6%) versus <200 cells/mm³ (15.3%). Varying weights for cardiovascular disease yielded thresholds ranging from 11.6% to 54.0%, whereas weights for harm outcomes resulted in thresholds ranging from 5.0% to >30.0%. CONCLUSIONS In this study, statins benefitted individuals with HIV with a moderate or high risk of cardiovascular disease, but the threshold for net benefit varied by patient subgroup and preference, implying the need to customise statin treatment to individual risks, preferences, and treatment goals. Given the limitations of observational data, further controlled studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of statins in people with HIV receiving modern antiretroviral therapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".