Bibliographic record
Abstract
Teleostei gen. et sp. indet. Fig. 24. Material.—NRM-PZ P16479a–e, one complete and one fragmented tooth and three partly fragmented vertebra from the upper Paleocene of Zachariassendalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Description.—Complete tooth shows translucent cap at apex. Both teeth small, ~ 1 mm and 2 mm; strongly posteriorly recurved and laterally compressed. Outer surfaces bear very fine longitudinal striations. Both teeth with expanded area of spongy bone at base that marks jaw attachment. Vertebra small, similarly-sized to teeth. Remarks.—The teleost material reported here represents the second finding of actinopterygian fish from the Cenozoic of Spitsbergen. The first actinopterygian was described as a fossil bowfin, Pseudamia heintzi, by Lehman (1951). According to Thomsen (2013), the specimen was discovered at Cap Dresselhuys, implying that it derives from the late Paleocene (Thanetian) Grumantbyen Formation (Dallmann 2015), which overlies the Basilika Formation. Both bowfin (Amia sp.) and scombroid teleost teeth assigned to Eutrichiurides have been described from the Eocene Eureka Sound Formation on Banks Island in the Canadian High Arctic by Gottfried and Eberle (2018). In addition to its presence in the High Arctic, scombroid teeth are known from many Paleogene localities in Europe, Africa, India, and the USA (Gottfried and Eberle 2018).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.073 | 0.033 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".