FORMAL EDUCATION IN SAUDI ARABIA FROM 1926 TO 1953:ORIGINS, POLICIES, CHALLENGES, AND ACHIEVEMENTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the status of formal education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 1926, when an education directorate was established, to 1953, when this directorate was transformed into the Ministry of Education. The researcher employed a historical approach to align with the study's objectives.One of the key findings is that modern education began relatively late in the Arabian Peninsula. A small number of private schools were established in the western part of the country during thelast quarter of the nineteenth century. The study found that the education directorate successfully established schools in various Saudi cities and villages before it transitioned into aministry. Anothersignificant finding is that the education system inSaudi Arabia has consistently emphasized religious education, with religious subjects being extensively taught at all educational levels. Additionally, the system has been characterized by centralization across varioussectors. Theresults further indicate that the initiation of public education faced considerable challenges, including financial difficulties and resistance from some parents who preferred traditional forms of education. Notably, the education system allowed slaves and their children to attend public schools, despite slavery being legal in the country until the early 1960s. At that time, girls' education was not yet widely available, and there were only a limited number of colleges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".