Acetaldehyd in der menschlichen Ernährung: Ein unterschätzter Krebsrisikofaktor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zusammenfassung Acetaldehyd im Zusammenhang mit Alkohol ist nach Einstufung durch die IARC krebserregend für den Menschen (Gruppe 1). Erkenntnisse bei Menschen mit Aldehyddehyrogenasemangel zeigen, dass beim Ethanolmetabolismus gebildeter Acetaldehyd in kausalem Zusammenhang mit Speiseröhrenkrebs steht. Neben Alkoholkonsum und Zigarettenrauchen ist die menschliche Ernährung eine weitere Aufnahmequelle. Wegen der immer noch zulässigen Verwendung von Acetaldehyd als Aromastoff können in Lebensmitteln erhebliche Gehalte dieser Substanz vorliegen. Bei einer mittleren täglichen Belastung mit 0,2 mg/kg Körpergewicht/Tag ergibt sich ein Lebenszeitkrebsrisiko von etwa 14:10000. Diese Größenordnung erfordert Maßnahmen im Rahmen des vorbeugenden gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutzes. Es wird daher neben allgemeinen Maßnahmen zur Reduktion des Alkohol- und Tabakkonsums empfohlen, die Verwendung von Acetaldehyd als Lebensmittelaromastoff einzuschränken. Summary Acetaldehyde associated with alcohol consumption is a substance carcinogenic to humans (IARC group 1). Mechanistic evidence shows that acetaldehyde derived from the metabolism of ethanol contributes to causing malignant oesophageal tumours in humans being deficient in aldehyde dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde has a wide exposure to humans, primarily due to tobacco, alcohol and nutrition. In foods, a considerable exposure may be due to the use as a flavouring substance, which still is ‘generally recognized as safe’. Using an average exposure of 0.2 mg/kg bodyweight/day, the lifetime cancer risk would be approximately 14 in 10000. The magnitude of risk of acetaldehyde warrants interventions based on the precautionary principle of public health. Besides general tobacco and alcohol control measures, policy should restrict the use of acetaldehyde as food flavouring additive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".