Recurring volcanism in New England region focused by a region of thin lithosphere
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Appalachian Orogen experienced extensive volcanism through the early Paleozoic, as well as around ~200 Ma. Unlike most of the northern Appalachians, the New England region saw repeated episodes of volcanic activity between 293 and 120 Ma. An anomalous region in the upper mantle beneath New England underlies these distinct volcanic rocks. Low values and lack of anisotropy in seismic velocity imply elevated temperature and suggest subvertical flow in the upper mantle. Our new constraints on the depth to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) show that thinned lithosphere underlies the region of localized repeated anorogenic volcanism in New England. The upper mantle directly beneath the shallow LAB is not unusually warm, while surrounding regions have significantly lower temperatures. Changes in the type of igneous rocks erupted between 150 and 120 Ma, from kimberlites in Ontario to felsic plutons in New England, correlate with variations in lithosphere thickness and imply that these variations existed by 125 Ma. It is also plausible that thin lithosphere is inherited from the time of Appalachian collisions at ~450 Ma. Our overall conclusion is that the region of presently thin lithosphere beneath New England is unusual and has focused volcanic activity within it since ~300 Ma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.044 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".