Elevated pCO2 causes developmental delay in early larval Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
**This is a draft version of the following article: Timmins-Schiffman et al. (2012) Elevated pCO2 causes developmental delay in early larval Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Marine Biology, doi:10.1007/s00227-012-2055-x, which has been published in final form at the link provided below.** <br> Increasing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> equilibrates with surface seawater, elevating the concentration of aqueous hydrogen ions. This process, ocean acidification, is a future and contemporary concern for aquatic organisms, causing failures in Pacific oyster (<em>Crassostrea gigas</em>) aquaculture. This experiment determines the effect of elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> on the early development of <em>C. gigas </em>larvae from a wild Pacific Northwest population. Adults<em> </em>were collected from Friday Harbor, Washington, USA (48°31.7’ N, 12°1.1’ W) and spawned in July 2011. Larvae were exposed to Ambient (400 µatm CO<sub>2</sub>), MidCO<sub>2</sub> (700 µatm), or HighCO<sub>2</sub> (1000 µatm). After 24 hours, a greater proportion of larvae in the HighCO<sub>2 </sub>treatment were calcified as compared to Ambient. This unexpected observation is attributed to increased metabolic rate coupled with sufficient energy resources. Oyster larvae raised at HighCO<sub>2</sub> showed evidence of a developmental delay by 3 days post-fertilization, which resulted in smaller larvae that were less calcified.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.141 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".