Spectrally Matched\nDuplexed Nucleic Acid Bioassay\nUsing Two-Colors from a Single Form of Upconversion Nanoparticle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optical\nsensing can provide opportunity for simultaneous determination\nof multiple targets as well as for implementation of ratiometric methods\nthat can improve accuracy and precision. Herein we report a paper-based\ntwo-color oligonucleotide detection assay with tunable sensitivity\nthat is based on use of a single type of upconversion nanoparticle\n(UCNP). Water-soluble UCNPs were designed to concurrently offer green\nand red emission. These avidin functionalized UCNPs were adsorbed\nonto a cellulose support, and Cy3 was used as a green channel acceptor\nfor Survival Motor Neuron (SMN1) target, and Cy5.5 was the red channel\nacceptor for the glucuronidase gene (uidA) target. Selective DNA hybridization\nof the labeled targets with the corresponding probe provided emission\nfrom dyes, which was the basis for concurrent quantification of both\ntargets. The limit of detection (LOD) could be tuned by changing the\nrelative ratio of the SMN1 and uidA probes. A higher proportion of\na probe provided for a lower LOD. When the SMN1/uidA probe ratio was\n1:4, the LOD for SMN1 and uidA target were 54.3 and 30.5 fmol, and\nwhen the probe ratio was 4:1, the LOD for the above targets were 22.1\nand 1260 fmol, respectively. Selectivity evaluation showed that one\nbase pair mismatched DNA for SMN1 and uidA could be discriminated\nin most cases. The assay showed resistance to nonspecific adsorption\nof interfering DNA and protein and was even functional for targets\nin undiluted serum. This work represents a significant step in the\ndevelopment of paper-based multiplexed UCNP luminescence assays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".