Jüdische Immigranten in der belgischen Ökonomie: Teil 3: Zwischen „Arisierung“ und Deportation (1942–1944)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay is the third and final part of a series of contributions on the economic situation of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe who had settled in Belgium during the inter-war period as craftsmen, salespersons or small business owners (see SGO #22 and #23, both published in 2018, for part I and II). The research is based on the extensive files of the ‘Gruppe XII’ of the German military administration in Brussels which was responsible for the so-called ‘Judenvermögen’ (‘Jewish assets’). In the spring of 1942 the German occupation authorities in Belgium started the so-called ‘Aryanisation’ by liquidating the vast majority of small Jewish businesses. This affected about a quarter of the Jewish population in Belgium. Shortly thereafter deportations of Jews from Belgium to Auschwitz began. Today we know that the annihilation of Jewish businesses marked the beginning of the Shoah in Belgium. Quotations from a wide array of begging letters to the military administration show the reactions of the Jewish owners to the destruction of their livelihoods, which alternative forms of income they had and which alternative strategies they employed to save themselves and the lives of their families. The epilogue compiles a series of illustrative testimonies of Holocaust survivors from among the Jewish business owners.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".