Maternal Folic Acid Intake, Mammary Development, and Cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the mid-1990s the U.S. and Canadian governments mandated fortification of flour and cereal grains with the B vitamin, folic acid, to prevent spina bifida and other related neural tube birth defects. Since then, the overall rate of neural tube defects in both countries has decreased dramatically. For its intended purpose, folic acid fortification is one of the most successful public health nutritional interventions ever implemented, and has now been adopted in over 50 countries around the world. There are, however, lingering questions about the safety of folic acid fortification. One area of concern is exposure of the developing fetus and children to excess folic acid. Particularly vulnerable to environmental factors including dietary constituents is the developing mammary gland, both in the womb and after birth. The overall goal of this IDEA project is to establish the fundamental effects of in utero and post¬natal exposure to folic acid on the developing mammary gland and its subsequent susceptibility to mammary tumorigenesis. We will utilize the polyomavirus middle T (PyVmT) mouse, an established transgenic animal model of breast cancer, that goes through stages of normal mammary gland development followed by transformation to precancerous ductal lesions (mammary intraepithelial neoplasia that is similar to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in humans), progression to invasive carcinomas, and ultimately pulmonary metastasis. Importantly, this model is a surrogate for human breast cancers overexpressing ERBB2 (Her-2), which contributes to 30-40% of human breast cancers. Moreover, the latency and phenotype of tumorigenic transformation and progression in this model have been shown to be modifiable by chemotherapeutic and nutritional interventions. These studies of the pathological and molecular consequences of excess folic acid will provide insight into what effects folic acid are likely to have in humans. The information gleaned from these studies will provide guidance for subsequent studies of the morphological and molecular effects of excess folic acid exposure in humans, and will provide insight into the safety of folic acid fortification and its potential effects on children and their risk of breast cancer in adulthood.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".