The Reputation Politics of the Norm Cascade (III)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this third part of the senes, I put focus on the regional trend and regional role in the developing an international landmine ban agreement, and on the role of regional organizations shaping regional policy. Each region contributed to the development of mine ban policy to some degree, and especially Europe, Africa, and Americas played distinctive roles. Europe took a lead of the landmine ban movement in its initial phase, both in the CCW related meetings and in the Ottawa Process. The Americas were more devoted for the international ban policy than other regions except Europe. Their contribution to the ban policy turned out outstanding at the Brussels Conference. Africa also contributed a lot at the Brussels Conference, but it was rather a latecomer, compared to Europe and the Americas. While African countries didn't commit themselves to the ban policy so eagerly in the CCW Conferences and in the first stage of the Ottawa Process, a large momentum for the total ban that took place in Africa around the Bonn Conference gave a significant boost to the ban movement. After the Brussels Conference, however, both the Americas and Africa went through setbacks. Many Caribbean countries and African countries didn't participate in the Oslo Conference, despite having endorsed the Brussels Declaration. The Asia-Pacific and the Middle-Eastern countries were not as active for the international ban as other regions. The Asia-Pacific actively joined in the Ottawa-Process particularly after the Oslo Conference, while the Middle-East remained negative to the ban policy throughout the process. Most researchers on the case of ban on landmines insist that NGOs played a prominent role in the development of the anti-mine movement, while not paying much attention to the role of regional organizations. Regional organizations, however, performed critical functions for the shaping regional demining and antimine policy in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The European Parliament was quite active for the international and regional ban, while the Council of Ministers kept cautious about pursuing the ban. The OAS announced the hemispheric minefree zone, as well as pursuing vigorous demining and mine ban projects. The OAU pushed African countries toward the Ottawa Process, and tried to establish the mine-free zone in the Southern Africa, together with the SADC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.022 | 0.015 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".