Correlation between brain imaging features and cognitive impairment in end-stage renal disease patients based on susceptibility-weighted imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective·To assess the number and distribution of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), and to explore the relationship between SWI-detected imaging features and cognitive impairment.Methods·Hospitalized ESRD patients who had received dialysis treatment for more than one year at Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, between January 2023 and March 2024 were included. All patients underwent conventional MRI sequences and SWI scanning. The number and regional distribution of CMBs were recorded. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Patients with MoCA scores ≥26 were classified into the ESRD without cognitive impairment group, and those with scores <26 were placed in the ESRD with cognitive impairment group. The presence and number of CMBs were analyzed in relation to cognitive impairment. The distribution of CMBs in various brain regions was examined, and correlations between the number of CMBs in specific regions and the severity of cognitive impairment were evaluated.Results·A total of 38 patients were enrolled, including 16 in the ESRD with cognitive impairment group and 22 in the non-impaired group. CMBs were more frequently observed in the cognitively impaired group (14 cases, 87.50%) compared to the non-impaired group (12 cases, 54.55%), with a statistically significant difference (P=0.033). The impaired group had more CMBs (106 in total), primarily located in bilateral cortical and subcortical regions (59.43%) and the basal ganglia (19.81%). In contrast, the non-impaired group had fewer CMBs (47 in total), mainly located in the bilateral basal ganglia (46.80%) and cortical and subcortical regions (40.43%), with all regional distribution differences being statistically significant (both P<0.05). Among those with cognitive impairment, the number of CMBs in the cortical and subcortical areas was significantly negatively correlated with cognitive function (r=-0.718, P=0.030).Conclusion·The number and distribution of CMBs detected by SWI in ESRD patients are associated with both the presence and severity of cognitive impairment. SWI can be used to identify CMBs formation and localization in ESRD patients, thereby aiding in the assessment of cognitive dysfunction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".