American relations with Turkey, 1776-1880
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Lausanne Treaty between the United States and Turkey, negotiated in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1923, is now before the United States Senate for consideration. That instrument, which has been the object of such bitter dispute both within the Senate and in the press, cannot be evaluated without a proper understanding of the relations that have existed between the two countries since the inception of this country as an independent nation. Until the present no comprehensive study of these relations has existed. This study, while not a complete history of these relations, attempts to set forth the salient features of the subject from the period 1776-1880, and in some manner, it is hoped, will serve to furnish a background against which the later affairs may be set and judged. If this study possesses any other merit, it will lie, in the writer's estimation, in the unbiased conclusion which is drawn, that the Turkish Government has in its contact with the United States displayed a temper and spirit of justice which is remarkable, not only among nations, but particularly in that quarter of the world. Turkey has too often been the tool and plaything of the more powerful nations of Europe, and while the misgovernment which has existed for centuries in that land may not be blinked at, or the characteristic venality of Oriental officials denied, the unconscious impression cannot fail to be registered that we have been accorded by the Ottoman Porte, a consideration towards this Government and its nationals which has not always been appreciated, or - may it be suggested - reciprocated.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".