Mapping Annual Global Forest Gain From 1983 to 2021 With Landsat Imagery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The world's forests are experiencing rapid changes due to land-use and climate change. However, a detailed map of global forest gain at fine spatial and temporal resolutions is still missing. To fill this gap, we developed an automatic framework for mapping annual forest gain globally using Landsat time series, the LandTrendr algorithm, and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. First, stable forest samples collected based on the first all-season sample set (FAST) and an automated sample migrate method were used to determine annual Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) thresholds for forest gain detection. Secondly, with the NBR time-series from 1982 to 2021 and LandTrendr algorithm, we produced dataset of global forest gain year from 1983 to 2021 based on a set of decision rules. Our results reveal that over 60% gains occurred in Russia, Canada, the United States, Indonesia and China, and approximately half of global forest gain occurred between 2001 and 2010. The forest gain map developed in this study exhibited good consistency with statistical inventories and independent regional and global products. Our dataset can be useful for policy-relevant research on the global carbon cycle, and our method provides an efficient and transferable approach for monitoring other types of land cover dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".