The impact of soil chloride concentration and salt type on the excretions of four recretohalophytes with different excretion mechanisms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four natives Canadian recretohalophytic species: <i>Atriplex canescens</i>, <i>Armeria maritima</i>, <i>Spartina pectinata</i>, and <i>Distichlis spicata</i> were examined to determine their relative uptake and excretion of chloride in the context of phytoremediation. Adult plants were grown in soils contaminated with either sodium chloride or potassium chloride at various concentrations, then manually washed to collect the excreted salts. <i>Atriplex canescens</i> which has salt bladders, was found to have negligible excretions, suggesting that these structures release minimal amounts of salt onto the leaf’s surface. Chloride excretions of <i>S. pectinata</i> and <i>D. spicata</i> increased with higher soil chloride concentrations. <i>A. maritima</i> showed minimal excretion until a threshold soil salinity was reached. This species shifted from a reliance on internal sequestration to secretion at higher soil salinity. The salt used in the media did not impact these trends, but <i>D. spicata</i> excreted significantly more chloride under sodium chloride conditions. While all four species studied were able to translocate significant amount of salt to their shoots, only <i>S. pectinata</i>, <i>D. spicata,</i> and <i>A. maritima</i> are suitable candidates for remediation by haloconduction. Among these, <i>A. maritima</i> showed the greatest potential and significantly reduced the soil chloride concentration by up to 60% in the highest concentration treatment (4 mg/g).HIGHLIGHTS<i>Armeria maritima</i>, <i>Spartina pectinata</i>, and <i>Distichlis spicata</i> are suitable species for remediation via haloconduction.<i>Armeria maritima</i> had the highest total extraction capacity at high soil chloride.<i>Spartina pectinata</i> had the most consistent excretion capacity and is the most suitable for remediation of soils with lower soil chloride. <i>Armeria maritima</i>, <i>Spartina pectinata</i>, and <i>Distichlis spicata</i> are suitable species for remediation via haloconduction. <i>Armeria maritima</i> had the highest total extraction capacity at high soil chloride. <i>Spartina pectinata</i> had the most consistent excretion capacity and is the most suitable for remediation of soils with lower soil chloride.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".