Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractAlthough brain alterations may occur in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), their universality and link to neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here, we analyzed blood proteins and brain magnetic resonance imaging in individuals who experienced mild COVID-19 about a year prior, categorized into three groups: Cog-PASC (with cognitive impairment), Other-PASC (without cognitive impairment), and non-PASC controls. The Cog-PASC group showed elevated blood levels of astroglial damage-associated protein, reduced cingulate and insular cortical thickness, and increased paramagnetic susceptibility, indicating iron deposition, particularly in the cingulate cortex and hippocampus. We demonstrated increased choroid plexus volume in Cog-PASC compared to Other-PASC patients, associated with neuronal/astroglial damage, cortical thinning, and iron deposition. Blood proteomic analysis showed significantly altered proteins involved in oxidative stress responses and synaptic function in Cog-PASC patients, linked to neurodegenerative pathways. These findings suggest distinct neurodegenerative processes in Cog-PASC that are not observed in other PASC subtypes, even after mild COVID-19 infection. Data collectionData collection for follow-up clinical, imaging, and blood analyses has been completed for this study. This preliminary study aimed to investigate brain MRI and blood proteomics of the discovery cohort to assess whether patients exhibit distinct brain damage, structural alteration, and neurodegenerative processes primarily at the baseline following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Brain MRI scans are performed at baseline and after 1 year, primarily to assess longitudinal structural changes in the brain, including grey matter alterations. Blood samples are collected at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year, while symptom evaluation questionnaires are administered every 3 months.- Cognitive Assessments: Conducted using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), FAS, and PASC symptom scores.- Biological Samples: Serum and plasma samples were collected for proteomic analysis using the Olink 3,072 Explore using Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) technology and SIMOA (Single Molecule Array) HD-X platform.- Imaging: Brain MRI analysis for cortical parcellation, paramagnetic susceptibility, choroid plexus segmentation, and diffusion tensor imaging along perivascular spaces (DTI-ALPS) were performed at baseline to detect structural brain changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.389 | 0.155 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".