Preconditioning and weaning beef cattle: impacts on health and behaviour of beef calves and cows and the stakeholders’ perspectives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While preconditioning benefits calf health and performance, its adoption remains challenging due to uncertainties surrounding commingling preconditioned (PC) and auction-derived (AD) calves, as well as various social, financial, and market barriers in the beef industry. Furthermore, limited understanding of weaning stress on beef cows complicates preconditioning efforts aimed at minimizing stress and promoting animal welfare. Chapter 2 determined the impacts of commingling PC and AD calves in the feedlot in varying proportions, revealing that PC calves, regardless of commingling, showed reduced bovine respiratory disease (BRD)-related morbidity and lower treatment rates than AD calves. Chapter 3 investigated calves’ behavioural and physiological responses to stress related to feedlot transitioning, finding that PC calves showed better adaptation to the feedlot environment with increased eating and rumination, though hair cortisol levels did not differentiate stress responses. Chapter 4 explored beef industry stakeholders’ perspectives on preconditioning, identifying key motivators and barriers to its implementation. Five overarching themes were identified: Ranchers’ satisfaction and accountability and Thriving calves as motivations; and Lack of incentives, The quest for preconditioning proof, and Supply shortfall as barriers. Chapter 5 assessed weaning stress in three different weaning methods by measuring physiological and behavioural responses in beef cows, finding that nose-flap (NF) weaned cows exhibited fewer vocalizations, and less walking and pacing compared to abruptly or fenceline (FL) weaned cows. Fenceline weaned cows also had increased fecal glucocorticoid metabolites concentrations post-weaning compared to NF and abruptly weaned cows. Overall, this thesis highlights the health and feeding performance advantages of preconditioning calves outperforming AD calves, irrespective of commingling. This thesis also identifies underlying motivations and barriers to preconditioning adoption, and offers recommendations for strengthening preconditioning verification, fostering trust, and providing financial incentives to encourage broader adoption of preconditioning practices. Additionally, this thesis suggests the need for cow-calf operators to recognize that cows experience weaning stress differently than calves and to select less stressful weaning method aligning with specific ranch goals and production targets. Future research should emphasize extensive commingling protocols, weaning stress impacts on calves in utero and after birth, and a broader survey on preconditioning adoption in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".