Petrodollar and De-dollarization: A Survey from OAPEC Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study investigates reducing dependence on the dollar as a supreme currency for oil trade and the basis of the global monetary system and analyses the state of the dominance of the US dollar as an exchange currency in the global oil market. According to an exploration of AOPEC (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries’ views on the petrodollar after the second shock of globalization, since the second quarter of 2022, with the start of the war in Ukraine, the world order has witnessed an economic war alongside a conventional war. The study created a questionnaire in Arabic for professionals and academics in several Arab oil-exporting countries in the first quarter of 2023. According to the results of the questionnaire analysis, participants hold differing opinions. The global oil market is ready to abandon the petrodollar; the weight of giving up the petrodollar will be more than 50% of the oil market; it will most likely take three to five years. Russia and China are attempting to undermine U.S. control over the global monetary system for political reasons; US efforts to impose the Russian oil price cap are a source of systematic risk to them; Russia’s and China’s governments employ a wide range of strategies to stop that; on the other hand, the currency diversification policy that oil-exporting countries follow in order to preserve their oil revenues has become a necessity to avoid or reduce the risks of imported inflation and additional fluctuations in the value of the US dollar.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".