Behaviour of bolted end-plate connections for glulam braces under cyclic axial loads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mass timber structures are becoming a major structural system throughout Canada, and globally. Glulam braced frames are one of these mass timber structural systems that can be used in high seismic zones. Currently, the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) provides ductility and overstrength factors for glulam braced frames and directs designers to Canadian Standards Association (CSA) O86, to design glulam braces to achieve adequate levels of ductility and overstrength. However, CSA O86 lacks the detailed design requirements, therefore limited applications have been used. Bolted connections are a topic that has already been studied, but in traditional testing methods a single critical connection is tested with another overdesigned connection, so the behaviour of only one connection is studied. In glulam braces, identical connections are typically used at each end of the brace. Therefore, the total behaviour of both connections is unknown when one connection fails before the other, due to material variability. The failed connection will undergo significant plastic deformations, while the second connection may not experience the same level of damage. In this thesis, two bolted end-plate connections in glulam braces are studied under cyclic axial loads to gain an in-depth understanding of the structural properties and failure mechanisms. A total of forty-five specimens were tested consisting of fifteen sets with five varying parameters, including the number of bolts, diameter of the bolts, bolt spacing and end distance, and wood density. For every specimen, the hysteresis loops were analyzed to develop the following properties: envelope curves, maximum, ultimate, and yield points, overstrength, elastic stiffness, and ductility.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".