A commercial fish is sustainably- certified in Canada yet considered a “Species of Concern' in adjacent waters in the USA: unresolved stock structure?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.We investigated conflicting perspectives over a trans-boundary fish stock assumed to be one population from the Massachusetts, USA to Newfoundland, Canada. Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) straddles the international Hague Line separating the USA and Canada. In Canada, halibut is sustainably certified by Marine Stewardship Council (2013) but in the adjacent USA, it remains a 'Species of Concern' under the US Endangered Species Act (1973). We compiled fishery-independent surveys that have sampled juveniles simultaneously across the border to analyse distribution, abundance and habitat availability. On average, halibut abundance was five times greater in Canada and the median percentage of occupied sets was about four times greater than in US waters (10% /2.5%) within 6 separate surveys (~1965-2013). We quantified 'suitable' habitat expecting that it would be limiting on the US side, but this was not the case. Halibut were overfished in the USA in the 1800s with little recovery since. We review evidence for bottlenecks during other life stages, and find none. Mis-understandings between nations may stem from an unresolved stock structure. Preliminary results from a Bayesian spatio-temporal model suggest that persistent patches are distinct but do mix, contrary to the current assumption of one population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".