Testing of the Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) Behavior of Lime-Treated Subgrade Marine Clays Subjected to Environmental Stresses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Construction of pavements requires the subgrades - which are the foundation of the structure, to be capable of supporting traffic loads that would be applied onto them. In the case that the subgrades are unable to support the structure, failure would occur. The subgrade being in-situ soil can be of poor quality if not properly constructed or improved if necessary. In Canada, the eastern region precisely Ontario and Quebec, is dominated by sensitive marine clays which when disturbed lose their strength drastically making them a geotechnical hazard. The soil's high sensitivity causes this behavior it poses. Therefore, to construct pavements in this type of soil, improvement techniques are required. One such is lime stabilization which improves the engineering properties of the soil. Research on the stabilization of sensitive marine clay in Canada has been conducted to a certain extent showing the effectiveness of the process in improving the soil's poor engineering properties. However, during the process of stabilization, the thermal (T), hydraulic (H), mechanical (M) and chemical (C) processes and interactions that occur influence the behavior of the stabilized clay. Environmental stresses such as moisture and temperature are also known to affect the coupled processes that occur. However, these coupled processes and their impact on the stabilized clay are not well known and understood. The goal of the research was to therefore, conduct various column experiments and monitoring to determine the evolution of the coupled THMC processes under normal curing and when daily thermal cycles were applied to the treated and untreated clay. Various columns were prepared in the laboratory to accommodate the compacted treated and untreated sensitive marine clay for monitoring over 28 days. In addition, columns from which samples for extensive geotechnical testing were collected, were prepared. The soils' strength and hydraulic conductivity were determined through testing while the suction, electrical conductivity and temperature evolution were determined by use of sensors placed within the columns. The developed mechanical properties of the soil were significantly improved by use of lime. This development of mechanical properties was further enhanced when the daily thermal cycles were applied to the soil due to increased curing temperature stimulated. In addition, to temperature and chemical reactions, it was observed that the hydraulic properties also contributed to the developed soil strength. The strongly coupled THMC processes were thus, observed during the treatment of the clay with lime. The results obtained will therefore, contribute to a better understanding of the coupled THMC processes that occur when sensitive marine clay is treated with lime. It will further contribute to cost effectively designing pavements in regions with sensitive marine clays or similar.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".