The New World diversification and origins of the Buckeye butterflies (genus Junonia, Nymphalidae: Nymphalini)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The New World buckeye butterflies (genus Junonia) are valuable experimental model organisms, but the taxonomy of this group has been problematic and contentious. I have clarified the taxonomy of the Junonia species in the Western Hemisphere using molecular and morphological data from contemporary and museum collections, with a focus on the South American Junonia species. To do this, I have developed and validated a restriction-digest based digest mode of mitochondrial genotyping for use with both contemporary and historical specimens, An improved taxonomy will encourage and support further comparative biology research in Junonia. I have also explored the hypothesis that Junonia populations in the New World comprise a ring species, but this notion is not valid as geneflow between species is ongoing and contrary to the predictions of the ring species hypothesis, no discontinuity in gene flow was detected based on mitochondrial genotype data. To clarify the relationships among Junonia species and address the issue of the origins of the New World Junonia, an extensive molecular phylogenetic analysis was completed using both full mitogenome and nuclear rRNA repeat sequences. Like previous molecular phylogenies based on much smaller data sets, the species level relationships of the New World Junonia were inconclusive because they were obscured by recent divergence of lineages and gene flow between species. Based on full mitogenome and rRNA repeat phylogenies, I was able to add additional support for a trans-Pacific route of Asian species responsible for the New World Junonia diversification, though some data suggest that genetic contributions from trans-Atlantic migrants from other Junonia lineages is also possible. The New World Junonia may be an example of lineage hybridization contributing to rapid diversification and adaptive radiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".