Euphagus carolinus (Rusty Blackbird) from two different breeding populations in northeastern North America exhibit chain migration yet use the same region for stopover
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bird populations within the same species may follow different migratory strategies and phenology depending on their breeding location and latitude, and migratory strategies may be influenced by important stopover sites. Understanding these strategies and identifying important stopover sites is crucial for the conservation of species with regionally varying population trends. In this study, Euphagus carolinus (Rusty Blackbirds) from two populations in eastern North America were affixed with NanoTag (Lotek) transmitters and tracked using the Motus Wildlife Tracking System to determine migratory routes and connectivity, stopover locations, and wintering areas. During fall migration, birds tagged at Observatoire d’oiseaux de Tadoussac, Québec and breeding sites in New England maintained separate migratory routes north of 43° latitude, as indicated by positive Mantel statistics of migratory connectivity, before converging on stopover areas in the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays region of the mid-Atlantic U.S.. Migratory strategy differed between the two populations: birds from New England spent ~two months longer at breeding latitudes than birds from Québec, and Québec birds spent more time at fall stopover sites and wintering latitudes. Birds from both populations made >one-week stopovers during spring and fall migrations and made long-distance (up to 645 km) nocturnal flights. The few winter detections suggested that Rusty Blackbirds from New England wintered at more southern latitudes than birds from Québec. Land cover data around stopover sites indicated that Rusty Blackbirds were positively associated with percent cover of wooded wetlands, croplands, and hay/pasture. Results from this study could help identify and protect regionally important stopover and wintering areas for Rusty Blackbirds, a species that has experienced dramatic long-term population declines linked to habitat loss in the nonbreeding range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".