Bibliographic record
Abstract
Subspecies of Burnsius communis (Grote, 1872) Currently, Burnsius communis (Grote, 1872) (type locality in USA: central Alabama) is partitioned into two subspecies: the nominate, distributed throughout most of the range from Canada to Mexico; and Burnsius communis albescens (Plötz, 1884) (type locality in Mexico), known from the southern parts of the range (e.g., Oaxaca and Veracruz in Mexico). In line with this treatment, B. communis albescens is a confidently supported sister to all other populations (98% bootstrap value) in the nuclear genome tree constructed from more than 10 million positions in autosome protein-coding genes (Fig. 14a). However, due to their overall lack of prominent genetic differentiation and continuing gene flow within a species, subspecies do not always stand out as major clades in phylogenetic trees. Accordingly, the clade of B. communis albescens specimens, although supported with 100% ultra-fast bootstrap value (Minh et al. 2013), is found within the nominate clade in the Z chromosome tree (Fig. 14b), likely due to poor phylogenetic resolution (low support for most bifurcations) caused by DNA similarity and gene flow. We note that mitochondrial DNA does not consistently segregate several species of Burnsius Grishin, 2019 (type species Syricthus [sic] communis Grote, 1872), such as B. communis, B. albezens Grishin, 2022 (type locality in USA: AZ, Cochise Co.), and B. burnsi Grishin, 2022 (type locality in Mexico: Veracruz), and its utility is equally limited for subspecies delimitation. Additional sequencing of B. communis specimens across the range revealed that specimens from Stanislaus National Forest in Tuolumne County, California, were partitioned between different clades (Fig. 14 yellow highlight). While several specimens were in a confidently supported (99%–100% bootstrap value) nuclear genome clade of specimens from the northwestern part of the range, one specimen was in a clade that included more western and southern specimens. This latter specimen was collected at the same locality and on the same day with one of the specimens from the northwestern clade (near Mill Creek Campground, elevation 6525’, GPS 38.312 6, −119.939 8, 21-Jul-2022, W. R. Dempwolf leg.). These specimens were different in size and wing pattern (Fig. 15h vs. Fig. 15l). Moreover, a similar scenario was later found for four specimens of the same size from south of Lake Tahoe, El Dorado County, California, with two being in the northwestern clade and two (collected several miles to the east) falling in the southeastern clade (Fig. 14 orange highlight; Fig. 15j, k, m, n). Therefore, the northwestern and southeastern clades represent different taxa. Although it is possible that they are species-level taxa, it is also possible that they may be subspecies that intergrade at certain localities and elevations. Currently, several taxa with similar relationships are treated as subspecies (type localities in parentheses): Hesperia colorado sublima A. Warren & Calhoun, 2015 (USA: Colorado, Clear Creek Co.) vs. Hesperia colorado colorado (Scudder, 1874) (USA: Colorado, Lake Co.) and Apodemia virgulti dialeucoides J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Pratt, 1998 vs. Apodemia virgulti nigrescens J. Emmel & T. Emmel, 1998 (both USA: California, San Bernardino Co.) (Pelham 2023). Hence, and due to the lack of prominent genetic differentiation characteristic of species, the new taxa of Burnsius are conservatively described here as subspecies of B. communis, pending more detailed analyses and further studies. Warren (2005) reviewed Oregon populations and also noted phenotypic differences among them.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".