Replication Data for: Assessment of lasting pain following castration in 2-week-old calves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Few methods are available to assess pain during healing and none are specific for pain following castration in calves. This study aimed to assess changes in lying behavior and memory as indicators of pain in the days and weeks after castration. Based on previous studies, we predicted that an increase in the number of short-duration lying bouts and incomplete lying bouts (bending front legs but hindquarters remain elevated) can serve as an indicator of evoked pain (i.e., associated with pressure on the wound), and that deficits in reference memory can serve as an indicator of cognitive load associated with lasting pain. Forty 14-day-old male calves (24 Holstein; 16 Holstein x Angus crossbred) were pseudo-randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments based upon a 2 x 2 factorial design, considering castration method (band vs. surgical castration), with or without supplementary week-long meloxicam treatment. At castration, all calves were provided multimodal analgesia, including sedation, a local block, and ketoprofen; calves in meloxicam treatment received additional pain medication (meloxicam) every other day during the 1st and 4th weeks following castration, when previous research suggests they experience the most pain. Lying behavior was recorded using accelerometers from 4- to 42-day of age. Calf memory was tested daily using a modified hole-board test in weeks 1 and 4. The day after castration calves in all 4 treatments engaged in more short-duration lying bouts compared to castration day (3.50 ± 0.54 vs. 6.38 ± 0.54), suggesting that the multimodal analgesia provided was insufficient to fully alleviate pain on the day after castration. Band-castrated calves exhibited a greater number of short-duration lying bouts on the day following castration compared to surgically castrated calves (7.64 ± 0.79 vs. 5.13 ± 0.74) indicative of more pain in band-castrated calves at this time. We found limited effects of castration method or additional meloxicam administration on behaviors during the 4th week after castration. We found no effect of castration method or supplemental NSAID on measures of calf memory. Our work provides the first evidence that an increased number of short lying bouts can serve as an indicator of pain in calves during the first days after castration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".