Compliance with the World Health Organization's 2016 prenatal care contact recommendation reduces the incidence rate of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women in northern Ghana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Children born with adverse birth outcomes (ABOs) have a greater risk of mortality, stunting, and poor cognitive development. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended at least eight antenatal care (ANC) contacts before delivery for a healthy mother and baby. We examined the association between compliance with this recommendation and the risk of ABOs, such as low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB), in the Tamale Metropolitan Area of the northern region of Ghana.We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Tamale Metropolis of the northern region of Ghana. We analysed a systematic random sample of 402 postnatal women aged 15-49 drawn from five public health facilities. We gathered information electronically on their birth outcomes, specifically their birthweight and gestation at delivery, using a structured questionnaire. Information on women's background characteristics, including the number of ANC contacts made before delivery, was also collected. The association between the number of ANC contacts and ABOs was investigated using regression models.We found that 37.6% (95% CI: 32.9, 42.4) of our sample had at least eight ANC contacts before delivery. We estimated that 18.9% of babies were born prematurely and 9.0% were born LBW. ABOs were found in 22.9% (95% CI: 19.0, 27.3) of babies. A minimum of eight ANC contacts before delivery reduced the risk of ABOs (adjusted IRR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.73), PTB (AOR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.58), and LBW (AOR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.91).In the current study's setting, about a quarter of newborns have ABOs, jeopardising their survival, health, and development. Compliance with at least eight ANC contacts prior to birth was associated with a reduced incidence rate ratio of ABOs. However, less than four out of every ten pregnant women make at least eight ANC contacts before delivery. Efforts are needed to increase coverage of eight contacts among pregnant women before delivery to reduce the risk of ABOs in the study setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".