Global Arthropod beta-diversity is spatially and temporally structured by latitude
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim: Global gradients in species biodiversity may or may not be associated with greater species replacement closer to the equator. Yet, empirical validation of these patterns has so far focused on less diverse taxa, with comparable assessments of mega-diverse groups historically constrained by the taxonomic impediment. Location: Global Time period: 2010-2017 Major taxa studied: Terrestrial arthropods Methods: Here we assess the temporal and spatial dynamics of arthropod communities using a beta-diversity framework, drawing on samples across 129 globally distributed monitoring sites. Overall, we encountered more than 150,000 unique barcode index numbers (BINs) (i.e. species proxies). We assessed between site differences in community diversity using beta-diversity and the partitioned beta-diversity components of species replacement (i.e. turnover) and richness difference (i.e. a measure of nestedness). Results: We show that global differences in community compositional change are linked to latitudinal, spatial, and temporal gradients. General global beta-diversity trends remained consistent across biogeographic regions, with beta-diversity (dissimilarity) increasing with decreasing latitude, greater spatial distance and greater temporal distance. By contrast, species replacement and richness difference patterns varied across biogeographic regions, suggesting different underlying processes are shaping regional biodiversity patterns. Latitudinal effects on species replacement or richness difference were significant for 3 out of 5 regions. Comparably we found significant spatial distance relationships with species replacement or richness difference for 3 out of 5 regions. Temporal distance was significantly associated with species replacement or richness difference for all 5 regions. Main conclusion: The general expectations of the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) are supported using a large, extensive global sampling effort. Our findings generally support the global LDG expectations, however, partitioned assessment of beta-diversity indicates the underlying processes driving the general global pattern, here species replacement and richness difference, may be regionally linked to differences in seasonality effects or variation in spatial distribution of environmental factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".