Desulfurized Fuels from\nAthabasca Bitumen and Their\nPolycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles. Analysis Based on Capillary\nElectrophoresis Coupled with TOF MS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles (PASHs) are undesirable\ncompounds in fuels and refined petroleum-based products. Capillary\nelectrophoresis (CE) was investigated as an alternative to analyze\nthe preisolated PASHs from partially desulfurized materials derived\nfrom Athabasca, Canada, bitumen. The sample complexity is considerably\nreduced by this preisolation by ligand exchange chromatography on\na Pd(II) containing phase and subsequent ionization of the neutral\nPASHs through S-methylation to impart electrophoretic mobility. The\nPASH components are separated and characterized using CE with a time-of-flight\nmass spectrometer (TOF MS) as detector. An additional major advantage\nof the CE separation is that the drawbacks of HPLC (limited separation\nefficiency) and GC (volatility limitations) for separations of high\nmolecular weight compounds can be circumvented. CE was demonstrated\nto be a highly efficient method in the separation of PASHs and up\nto 200,000 theoretical plates were obtained. The practicability of\nthe method was shown by an extensive qualitative analysis of the PASH\nfraction of a hydrotreated middle distillate and a hydrotreated heavy\ngas oil. Additional information on the sample composition like the\nidentity of parent ring systems, the alkyl substitution, and hydrogenated\nproducts from the hydrodesulfurization was gained through the use\nof CE-TOF MS and measuring standard PASHs expected to be present.\nThe results are compared with GC-MS and high-resolution Orbitrap measurements\nof the same samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".