Volatile\nMethylsiloxanes and Organophosphate Esters\nin the Eggs of European Starlings (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>) and Congeneric Gull Species from Locations across Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) and\norganophosphate esters (OPEs)\nare two suites of chemicals that are of environmental concern as organic\ncontaminants, but little is known about the exposure of wildlife to\nthese contaminants, particularly in birds, in terrestrial and aquatic\necosystems. The present study investigates the spatial distributions\nof nine cyclic and linear VMSs and 17 OPEs in the eggs of European\nstarlings (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>) and three congeneric\ngull species (i.e., herring gull (<i>Larus argentatus</i>), glaucous-winged gull (<i>L. glaucescens</i>), and California\ngull (<i>L. californicus</i>)) from nesting sites across\nCanada. ∑VMS concentrations for all bird eggs were dominated\nby decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane\n(D6), and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). With European starlings,\nbirds breeding adjacent to landfill sites had eggs containing significantly\ngreater ∑VMS concentrations (median: 178 ng g<sup>–1</sup> wet weight (ww)) compared with those from the urban industrial (20\nng g<sup>–1</sup> ww) and rural sites (1.3 ng g<sup>–1</sup> ww), indicating that the landfills are important sources of VMSs\nto Canadian terrestrial environments. In gull eggs, the median ∑VMS\nconcentrations were up to 254 ng g<sup>–1</sup> ww and suggested\ngreater detection frequencies and levels of VMSs in aquatic- versus\nterrestrial-feeding birds in Canada. In contrast, the detection frequency\nof OPEs in all European starling and gull eggs was lower than 16%.\nThis suggested that low dietary exposure or rapid metabolism of accumulated\nOPEs occurs in aquatic feeding birds and may warrant further investigation\nfor the elucidation of the reasons for these differences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".