Perfluoroalkyl Acids in\nthe Atlantic and Canadian\nArctic Oceans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report here on the spatial distribution of C4, C6, and C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, C6–C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, and perfluorooctanesulfonamide\nin the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, including previously unstudied\ncoastal waters of North and South America, and the Canadian Arctic\nArchipelago. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate\n(PFOS) were typically the dominant perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in\nAtlantic water. In the midnorthwest Atlantic/Gulf Stream, sum PFAA\nconcentrations (∑PFAAs) were low (77–190 pg/L) but increased\nrapidly upon crossing into U.S. coastal water (up to 5800 pg/L near\nRhode Island). ∑PFAAs in the northeast Atlantic were highest\nnorth of the Canary Islands (280–980 pg/L) and decreased with\nlatitude. In the South Atlantic, concentrations increased near Rio\nde la Plata (Argentina/Uruguay; 350–540 pg/L ∑PFAAs),\npossibly attributable to insecticides containing N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide, or proximity to Montevideo and\nBuenos Aires. In all other southern hemisphere locations, ∑PFAAs\nwere <210 pg/L. PFOA/PFOS ratios were typically ≥1 in the\nnorthern hemisphere, ∼1 near the equator, and ≤1 in\nthe southern hemisphere. In the Canadian Arctic, ∑PFAAs ranged\nfrom 40 to 250 pg/L, with perfluoroheptanoate, PFOA, and PFOS among the PFAAs detected at the highest concentrations. PFOA/PFOS ratios (typically ≫1) decreased from Baffin Bay to the Amundsen Gulf, possibly attributable to increased atmospheric inputs. These data help validate global emissions models and contribute to understanding of long-range transport pathways and sources of PFAAs to remote regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".