THE WHEELS ON THE BUS FELL OFF: THE RISE AND FALL OF COURT-ORDERED BUSING IN PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY, MARYLAND
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the desegregation of Prince George’s County Public Schools and the use of court-ordered busing from 1972 to 1998. As Prince George’s was the only county in Maryland under a federal mandate to integrate, this study explores how residents responded to desegregation and the shifting perceptions of busing over the 25 year period of implementation. After a federal lawsuit in 1972, the county was forced to bus students away from their neighborhood school to ensure every school had a racial balance of black and white students. Perceptions shifted with the shifting demographics driven by black suburbanization and a burgeoning black middle class. Between 1970 and 1990, the county transformed from a sleepy, white, rural county into the wealthiest black-majority county in the United States. After the transformation, the perceptions of court-ordered busing flipped, as many black students were being bused to majority black schools. The new black majority gained political power in the 1990s and took charge of local government to end court-ordered busing themselves. Overall, this study pushes back on previous scholarship that deemed court-ordered busing to be a failed tool of desegregation. It argues that while not perfect in achieving integrated schools, it was a necessary federal intervention for Prince George’s County to dismantle its system of segregation and pursue an equitable education for all students.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".