Exploring the association of executive functioning with health-related quality of life at baseline among adults with subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Individuals with subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment (SIVCI) exhibit signs of small vessel disease.(1, 2) Deficits in executive functioning are a hallmark of subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment.(3) To date, the association of executive functioning with health-related quality of life remains unknown among individuals with subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment (SIVCI). Purpose To determine whether executive functioning independently contributes to health-related quality of life among individuals with subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment at baseline. Methodology This was a secondary cross-sectional baseline analysis of a 12-month, parallel group, proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial of 89 community-dwelling adults with SIVCI, aged 55 years and older.(4) I constructed 3 distinct multiple linear regression models to determine the association between 3 unique processes of executive functioning - set shifting, working memory and response inhibition (independent variable) and health-related quality of life as measured by the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level(5) (dependent variable). Forward stepwise regression techniques were used to build a multivariate regression model that ultimately included the covariates of age(6), group, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)(7) score, 6-minute walk time(8) and education(9). Results The executive functioning domains - set shifting, working memory and response inhibition measured in this study did not demonstrate a statistically significant association with health-related quality of life. The p-values for the multivariate analysis of set shifting, working memory, and response inhibition were 0.680, 0.444, and 0.342, respectively. Conclusion This thesis found no significant relationship between executive functioning and health-related quality of life at baseline. It is plausible that the lack of statistical significance may be attributable to the small sample size of the study as the study was powered for a primary outcome not included in these analyses. Further, the EQ-5D-5L(5), a measure of health-related quality of life, may not capture all dimensions of health-related quality of life comprehensively. Future research could investigate the relationship between executive functioning and alternative measures of health-related quality of life, as well as explore their longitudinal impacts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".