Recent warming and salinification of the North Atlantic Oceanas observed by standard sections or What is the IROC 2005?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.The ICES Working Group on Oceanic Hydrography covers a huge geographical area that stretches across North Atlantic from the east coast of North America to the Iberian Peninsula, around the subpolar gyre and its surrounding shelf seas, through the Nordic Seas, and as far north as Fram Strait, and including all the adjacent marginal and shelf seas (Labrador, North, Baltic, Barents). Standard sections and stations form the framework around which sustained observations, modelling and analysis are based, and some of the sections have been measured for over a century. Each year the WGOH publishes a summary of the climate of the ocean in this region (the ICES Report on Ocean Climate or IROC, formerly known as the ICES Annual Ocean Climate Status Summary or IAOCSS). The IROC summarises temperature and salinity variations from monthly to decadal timescales and highlights the important environmental features of the year. The IROC 2005 shows that the whole of the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas were warmer and more saline than the long term mean. Since 2000, the eastern subpolar gyre has been progressively warming and becoming more saline, ending the freshening period that began in the 1960s. In 2005 the anomalously warm and saline North Atlantic water was seen in the Norwegian Sea and had reached the Fram Strait and begun to enter the Arctic Ocean. Meanwhile the warm anomaly north of Iceland first observed in 2004 had entered the Irminger and Labrador Seas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".