Legal and policy gaps in Nigeria's renewable energy framework: a case for wave and tidal energy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nigeria’s wave and tidal energy resources remain underdeveloped, unlike other renewable energy resources such as bioenergy, hydropower, solar and wind, which have witnessed limited development. In essence, the research problem is how to justify the necessity for harnessing wave and tidal energy resources in Nigeria and ultimately provide a legal framework to integrate wave and tidal energy into Nigeria’s overall renewable energy enactments. This thesis aimed to search for any gaps or inconsistencies in Nigeria’s RE enactments and its governance strategy concerning wave and tidal energy. The objective of the thesis was to identify and critically analyse Nigeria’s renewable energy enactments, related policies, and laws, with a specific focus on how they deal with wave and tidal energy. The research methodology and design utilised qualitative, doctrinal, and comparative approaches for desk-based data collection and data analysis of primary and secondary legal sources. The thesis also critically examined the enactments in Scotland, Canada (British Columbia and Nova Scotia), and South Korea for their best practices and lessons. This study found that Nigeria’s current enactments did not specifically address wave and tidal energy resources, and, as a result, Nigeria’s wave and tidal energy sector has not contributed towards electricity generation. Further, the study found gaps and inconsistencies within the renewable energy legal framework. Finally, this research highlighted lessons from jurisdictions with established ocean energy systems, specifically in wave and tidal energy. This research contributed to knowledge by filing the legislative and policy gaps of Nigeria’s renewable energy sector. It also identified some critical gaps in both literature and law, and proposed a legal framework for integrating ocean energy into Nigeria’s existing energy regime. This thesis laid a foundation for future academic, legal, and policy developments in Nigeria and similar coastal states in West Africa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".