Secrets in Plain Sight: The Signs of Lkwungen and Public Art in Victoria, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Victoria, British Columbia was established as a Hudson’s Bay Company fort on the historic lands of the Lkwungen people in 1843. Once the fort had been constructed, the Lkwungen built a village across from it known as Songhees. In 1886, Victoria became the Pacific terminus where the Canadian Pacific Railway rail lines intersected with its steamer service and created a direct route between Liverpool and Hong Kong. Victoria’s Inner Harbor was redesigned as a focal point for an architectural narrative espousing the city’s colonial history, connecting commercial enterprise with government and removing any indication of Lkwungen presence. In 1911, the federal government expropriated Songhees land to extend the railway, further removing the Lkwungen from their territories. After the Second World War, reform movements in support of Aboriginal rights, land claims, and political enfranchisement stimulated the popularity of Aboriginal material culture, including the totem pole. Through the 1950s and 1960s, a series of Kwakwaka’wakw carvers were commissioned by different governmental agencies to carve and raise poles and other public monuments of cultural and political significance. Beginning in the 1990s, the installation of Lkwungen public art, including the 2008 Signs of Lkwungen by Butch Dick, reasserted Lkwungen histories, language and ownership at specific geographic sites throughout the city. The combination of geography, art and its spatial and narrative juxtapositions within the architectural context of a regional imperial capital complexifies how monuments and iconic architecture convey historical knowledge and how we read and experience the city.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.035 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".