Science and medicine in Iran/Central Asia 600–1500
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Khurasan and Central Asia, which formed the eastern part of the Islamic Empire, were the region from which most scholars came to the new capital Baghdad in the second half of the eighth century and realized the renaissance of the ancient sciences. Throughout the period under consideration, the most important mathematicians, astronomers, astrologers, physicians, and pharmacologists came from this region and were attracted by the gradually emerging centers of power. The best known are al-Khwarazmi (d. ca. 850), Abu Mashar (ca. 886), known as Albumasar, al-Farghani (d. 861), al-Farabi (d. 950), al-Razi (d. 925), known as Rhazes, Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (d. last quarter of the tenth century), known as Hali Abbas, Ibn Sina (d. 1037), known as Avicenna, al-Biruni (d. ca. 1048), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (d. 1274), and Ulugh Beg (r. 1447–9). Less well known but very influential were Habash al-Hasib (d. ca. 864), Abu Jafar al-Khazin (d. 971), Abu Nasr Ibn Iraq (ca. 1036), and many others. The most important centers that attracted scholars were Merv, Bukhara, Ghazna, Hamadan, Maragha, and Samarqand.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".